Red Book® Online -- Committee 2000

Credits for the 2000 Red Book^®

Committee on Infectious Diseases, 1997–2000

Jon S. Abramson, MD, FAAP, Chairperson, 1999–2000
Neal A. Halsey, MD, FAAP, Chairperson, 1995–1999
Carol J. Baker, MD, FAAP
P. Joan Chesney, MD, FAAP
Margaret C. Fisher, MD, FAAP
Michael A. Gerber, MD, FAAP
S. Michael Marcy, MD, FAAP
H. Cody Meissner, MD, FAAP
Dennis L. Murray, MD, FAAP
Gary D. Overturf, MD, FAAP
Charles G. Prober, MD, FAAP
Margaret B. Rennels, MD, FAAP
Thomas N. Saari, MD, FAAP
Leonard B. Weiner, MD, FAAP
Richard J. Whitley, MD, FAAP
Ram Yogev, MD, FAAP

Larry K. Pickering, MD, FAAP, Ex-Officio, Red Book Editor
Georges Peter, MD, FAAP, Ex-Officio, Emeritus Red Book Editor

Liaison Representatives, 2000 Edition

Anthony Hirsch, MD, FAAP, AAP Pediatric Practice Action Group
Richard F. Jacobs, MD, American Thoracic Society
Gilles Delage, MD, Canadian Paediatric Society
Noni E. MacDonald, MD, FAAP, Canadian Paediatric Society
Scott Dowell, MD, MPH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Walter A. Orenstein, MD, FAAP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Benjamin Schwartz, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Peter A. Patriarca, MD, Food and Drug Administration
N. Regina Rabinovich, MD, National Institutes of Health
Robert F. Breiman, MD, National Vaccine Program Office
Martin G. Myers, MD, National Vaccine Program Office

Consultants to the Editors, 2000 Edition

John S. Finlayson, PhD
Edgar O. Ledbetter, MD, FAAP
Morven S. Edwards, MD, FAAP
Peter J. Hotez, MD, PhD
George H. McCracken, Jr, MD
Catherine M. Wilfert, MD, FAAP

Collaborators, 2000 Edition

On behalf of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Committee gratefully acknowledges the invaluable assistance provided by the following individuals who served as contributors and reviewers in the preparation of this edition of the Red Book. Their expertise, critical review, and cooperation are essential in the Committee’s continuing review and revisions of its recommendations for the management, control, and prevention of infectious diseases in children.

Every attempt has been made to recognize all those who contributed to this edition of the Red Book; the Academy regrets any omissions that may have occurred.

Penny M. Adcock, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
David G. Addiss, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Mercedes Albuerne, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Miriam J. Alter, PhD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Larry J. Anderson, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Frederick J. Angulo, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Juan Arciniega, DSc, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Paul Arguin, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Jane Ellen Aronson, DO, Winthrop Pediatric Specialty Center, Mineola, NY
David Asher, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
David A. Ashford, DVM, MPH, DSc, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
C.D. Atreya, PhD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Sophie J. Balk, MD, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
Leslie Ball, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Sharon Balter, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Robert S. Baltimore, MD, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
Lawrence Barat, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Michael Beach, PhD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Judy Beeler, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Ermias Belay, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Beth Bell, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
David M. Bell, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Thomas A. Bell,† MD, MPH, Cowlitz County Health Department, Longview, WA
Stuart M. Berman, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Richard E. Besser, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Kristine M. Bisgard, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
David Blair, PhD, James Cook University of North Queensland, Australia
Martin J. Blaser, MD, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
Peter B. Bloland, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Ann Bolger, MD, University of California, Riverside, CA
Robert Bortolussi, MD, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Michael Brennan, PhD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Joseph S. Bresee, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Thomas Breuer, MD, MS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Marc Bulterys, MD, PhD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Drusilla Burns, PhD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Jane L. Burns, MD, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
Bill Cameron, MD, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Kathryn Carbone, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Martin Cetron, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Mary E. Chamberland, MD, MPH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Bob Chen, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
James Childs, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
John C. Christenson, MD, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
Thomas G. Cleary, MD, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX
Susan Cookson, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Ralph L. Cordell, PhD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Edward Cox, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Nancy J. Cox, PhD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Adnan S. Dajani, MD, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI
Nicholas A. Daniels, MD, MPH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Jeffrey P. Davis, MD, Bureau of Public Health, Madison, WI
Carolyn Deal, PhD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
David T. Dennis, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO
Vance Dietz, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Leigh G. Donowitz, MD, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
D. Peter Drotman, MD, MPH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Lawrence F. Eichenfield, MD, Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA
Karen Elkins, PhD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Joanne E. Embree, MD, FRCPC, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Joseph J. Esposito, PhD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Karen Farizo, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Ronald A. Feinstein, MD, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL
Stephen Feinstone, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Theresa Finn, PhD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Patricia M. Flynn, MD, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
E. Lee Ford-Jones, MD, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Ellen C. Frank, RPh, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Barbara L. Frankowski, MD, MPH, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
Frazier W. Frantz, MD, Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, VA
Carl Frasch, PhD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Cindy R. Friedman, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Lawrence M. Gartner, MD, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
Lillian Gavnlovich, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Francis Gigliotti, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
Roger Glass, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Hana Golding, PhD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Donald Goldmann, MD, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
David P. Greenberg, MD, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
Samuel L. Groseclose, DVM, MPH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Dalya Guris, MD, MPH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Laura T. Gutman, MD, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
Rana Hajjeh, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Caroline Breese Hall, MD, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY
Holli Hamilton, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Craig Hedburg, PhD, Minnesota Department of Health, Minneapolis, MN
Barbara L. Herwaldt, MD, MPH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
David R. Hill, MD, DTM&H, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT
Robert Hopkins, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Margaret Hostetter, MD, Yale Child Health Research Center, New Haven, CT
Robert R. Jacobson, MD, PhD, Gillis W. Long Hansens Disease Center, Carville, LA
William R. Jarvis, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Jerri Ann Jenista, MD, Independent Consultant, Ann Arbor, MI
John Jereb, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Richard B. Johnston, Jr, MD, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO
Dennis D. Juranek, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Patrick Kachur, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Gerardo Kaplan, PhD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Sheldon L. Kaplan, MD, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
Richard Kenney, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Rima Khabbaz, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Ali S. Khan, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Mark Kline, MD, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
Steve Kohl, University of California, San Francisco, CA
Emilia H. Koumans, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Peter J. Krause, MD, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Hartford, CT
Philip Krause, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Mary Lambert, MN, RN, CS, CNAA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Philip LaRussa, MD, Columbia University, New York, NY
Howard Lederman, MD, PhD, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
Brad Leissa, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Nicole LeSaux, MD, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
Roland A. Levandowski, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Matthew E. Levison, MD, Allegheny University of Health Sciences, MCP/Hahnemann School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
Andrew Lewis, Jr, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Jay M. Lieberman, MD, Miller Children’s Hospital, Long Beach, CA
Jairam Lingappa, MD, PhD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
John R. Livengood, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Mark Lobato, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Hans O. Lobel, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Sarah S. Long, MD, Allegheny University of Health Sciences, Philadelphia, PA
G. Marshall Lyon, III, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
William R. MacKenzie, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Mamodikoe Makhene, MD, MPH, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Susan A. Maloney, MD, MHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Edgar K. Marcuse, MD, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
Harold S. Margolis, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Lewis Markoff, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Eric Mast, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
David O. Matson, MD, PhD, Center for Pediatric Research, Norfolk, VA
Anne E. McCarthy, MD, FRCPC, DTM&H, University of Ottawa, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Michael M. McNeil, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Paul Mead, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Bruce Meade, MD, PhD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Andrea Meyerhoff, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
John F. Modlin, MD, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
Lynne M. Mofenson, MD, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
Nasim Moledina, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
John S. Moran, MD, MPH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Juliette Morgan, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Stephen A. Morse, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
M. Dianne Murphy, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Trudy V. Murphy, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Hira Nakhasi, PhD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
James P. Nataro, MD, PhD, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
Thomas R. Navin, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Soraya Nouri, MD, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO
Thomas B. Nutman, MD, National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Bethesda, MD
Sonja J. Olsen, PhD, MS, MA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
James G. Olson, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Christopher D. Paddock, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Mark Pallansch, PhD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Adelisa L. Panlilio, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Mark Papania, MD, MPH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Jan Paradise, MD, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
Monica E. Parise, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Sue Partridge, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Andrew T. Pavia, MD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
Philip E. Pellett, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Bradley A. Perkins, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
C.J. Peters, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Douglas R. Pratt, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
D. Rebecca Prevots, PhD, MPH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Alexander Rakowsky, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Mobeen H. Rathore, MD, University of Florida Health Science Center, Jacksonville, FL
Susan Reef, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Russell Regnery, PhD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Frank Richards, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Lance Rodewald, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
James P. Rosen, MD, University of Connecticut, West Hartford, CT
Nancy A. Rosenstein, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Lorry G. Rubin, MD, Schneider Children’s Hospital, New Hyde Park, NY
Trenton Ruebush, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Charles Rupprecht, MD, PhD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Lindy Samson, MD, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Pablo J. Sanchez, MD, University of Texas, Dallas, TX
Peter M. Schantz, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Neil L. Schechter, MD, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Hartford, CT
George Schmid, MD, MSc, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Lawrence Schonberger, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Anne Schuchat, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Joann Schulte, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Gordon E. Schutze, MD, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
Jane Seward, MBBS, MPH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Eugene Shapiro, MD, Yale University, New Haven, CT
Stanford T. Shulman, MD, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL
Jane D. Siegel, MD, University of Texas, Dallas, TX
Robert Slinger, MD, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health, Canada
Bob Snyder, MA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
John D. Snyder, MD, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
Richard A. Spiegel, DVM, MPH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Mary Allen Staat, MD, MPH, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
Jeffrey R. Starke, MD, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
Barbara W. Stechenberg, MD, Baystate Medical Center Children’s Hospital, Springfield, MA
David K. Stein, MD, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD
Ellen B. Steinberg, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Gail Stennies, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
John A. Stewart, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Katherine M. Stone, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Raymond A. Strikas, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Lillian Sung, MD, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Douglas S. Swanson, MD, The Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO
David Swerdlow, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Howard L. Taras, MD, University of California, San Diego, CA
James Kennedy Todd, MD, The Children’s Hospital, Denver, CO
Paul Turkeltaub, MD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Thomas J. Van Gilder, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Willie Vann, PhD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
Govinda Visvesvara, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Charles Vitek, MD, MPH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Ellen R. Wald, MD, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
Richard J. Wallace, Jr, MD, University of Texas Health Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX
Elaine E.L. Wang, MD, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Diane W. Wara, MD, University of California, San Francisco, CA
John Ward, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
John C. Watson, MD, MPH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Jerry Weir, PhD, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
A. Clinton White, MD, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
Cynthia G. Whitney, MD, MPH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Walter R. Wilson, MD, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, MN
Christopher W. Woods, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Kimberly Workowski, MD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
Edward J. Young, MD, VA Medical Center, Houston, TX
Paul N. Zenker, MD, MPH, Ramsey Clinic, St. Paul, MN
Moritz M. Ziegler, MD, Children’s Hospital of Boston, Boston, MA

† Deceased

Committee on Infectious Diseases, 1998–1999

Front row: Walter A. Orenstein, Georges Peter, Carol J. Baker, Neal A. Halsey, Larry K. Pickering, Edgar O. Ledbetter, Noni E. MacDonald, Michael A. Gerber, Jon S. Abramson
Second row: Scott F. Dowell, Charles G. Prober, Leonard B. Weiner, Dennis L. Murray, P. Joan Chesney, S. Michael Marcy, Richard F. Jacobs, Richard J. Whitley, Anthony Hirsch, Margaret C. Fisher, Gary D. Overturf, N. Regina Rabinovich, Thomas N. Saari
Not pictured: Margaret B. Rennels, H. Cody Meissner, Gilles Delage, Peter A. Patriarca, Martin G. Myers, Steve Kohl, Ram Yogev, Ben Schwartz, Robert Breiman